Instruction
Gear Effect Basics: How off-center hits cause slices and hooks
On the lesson tee, I frequently hear players say that the club twisted or slipped out of their hands at impact. So I ask them, “Why do you think it twisted?”
They usually explain that they did something to cause the club to twist or slip. This shows me that most golfers still don’t understand what is really going on at impact, which often leads them to try to fix an issue that never existed.
Have you ever noticed that this twisting of the club never happens when you flush it down the fairway or at the pin? That’s a big clue as to what’s causing the issue.
Line It Up
Both golf balls and golf club heads have what we call a center of mass (COM). This is the point around which the mass of the club head and the ball is evenly distributed, and can be thought of as the middle of the club head, as shown below.
When the COM of a club head and ball line up at impact, we get that great feeling we call “hitting the sweet spot.” But what happens when we don’t hit the sweet spot?
The Twist
Think about what would happen if a car collided with a lamp post. If the car and lamp post were to line up perfectly for the collision, the car would stop dead in its tracks. But if the car were to hit the lamp post with one of its headlights, the car would spin off violently. The same thing happens with a golf club at impact.
If the COM of the ball and the COM of the club head do not line up perfectly at impact, the club head spins. For example, if the ball were to be struck on the toe of the club, the point of contact on the face would twist around the COM of the club. That would open it up in a clockwise direction (for a right-handed golfer).
In the graphic above, the club head (moving right to left across the screen) hits the ball on the toe, causing a clockwise twisting in the direction of the white arrow.
How violent is this twisting? Watch the video below I made of some off-center impacts.
You can see that the twisting is quite dramatic, and it sends a lot of vibration up the club shaft and can actively twist the club in golfers’ hands no matter how tight they hold it.
It also leads many golfers to believe that they twisted the club actively, which wasn’t the case. This often leads golfers to grip the club tighter and tighter in an effort to stop the twisting. It’s futile, however, because there is a massive amount of torque created at impact. Further, a tighter grip can cause the swing to become less fluid and kill speed and coordination, leading to more off-center shots.
Curves
Hitting off-center shots also does something interesting to the ball at impact.
During the violent collision, the club head and ball can act like a pair of gears. So while a toed shot causes the club head to open up clockwise, the ball is twisted counter-clockwise (more accurately, the spin axis of the ball is tilted slightly more to the left). This causes the ball to have more draw/hook spin, or less fade/slice spin, depending on the impact conditions.
While it might seem counterintuitive at first, a club head that is opening at impact can cause draw shots thanks to what’s called “Gear effect.” The opposite is true as well: shots hit off the heel actually close the face, creating a shot that has more fade/slice spin or less hook/draw spin. Gear effect is also massively heightened when golfers have a wood or hybrid in their hands for reasons I will explain in an article that will be published at a later date.
Spin Doctors
Gear effect is vital to understand if you are to fix your own swing and ball flight issues, because not understanding it could lead to you trying to fix the wrong thing.
For example, say a player were to make a great swing, presenting the club head with a neutral path and a neutral club face at impact. In theory, this would hit a perfectly straight shot.
If that shot were struck out of the heel of the club, however, the shot would start left and slice off to the right, leading the player to believe they had come over-the-top and cut across the ball. I often see this self diagnosis on the lesson tee when the exact scenario occurs. This player will then go off and attempt to fix the over-the-top move, which was never the issue in the first place.
“YOU HAVE TO KNOW WHEN A BAD SHOT WAS CAUSED BY A POOR FACE/PATH COMBINATION VERSUS SIMPLY TOE-ING OR HEELING THE BALL.”
Actions You Can Take
Most people take for granted that they are hitting the sweet spot, yet I consistently see it as one of the main issues with the vast majority of golfers. For that reason, it is vital that you build both an increased understanding of what you are doing at impact (through feedback and awareness), as well as an increased ability to improve it.
So here is a simple exercise I get all my players with strike issues to do. Even players without strike issues should do this occasionally, just to make sure no poor patterns are creeping in unknowingly.
Step 1
Mark a range ball with a dry erase marker pen.
Step 2
Place the ball as shown. You can tee it up or lay it on the ground. All the matters is that the dry erase marker dot is on the back of the ball facing the club head at address.
Step 3
Hit the shot, and check your club face to see where you contacted the ball.
To be great at something takes consistent practice of the fundamentals. Golfers hear so much about the fundamentals of grip, stance and posture, but they are worthless if they don’t strike the sweet spot. So when golfers become aware of their faulty contact point and get to work on fixing it, big improvement often occurs — to their swing and to their scores.
Starting taking a marker pen with you to the range if you want improved consistency, extra distance, better feedback and more awareness about your strikes. It will allow you to better diagnose the causing your poor shots so you can eliminate them from your game.
Editor’s Note: Adam is Author of the amazon bestseller “The Practice Manual,” where he discusses some of these concepts and more. You can purchase the book here.
There may be no more painful affliction in golf than the “yips” – those uncontrollable and maddening little nervous twitches that prevent you from making a decent stroke on short putts. If you’ve never had them, consider yourself very fortunate (or possibly just very young). But I can assure you that when your most treacherous and feared golf shot is not the 195 yard approach over water with a quartering headwind…not the extra tight fairway with water left and sand right…not the soft bunker shot to a downhill pin with water on the other side…No, when your most feared shot is the remaining 2- 4-foot putt after hitting a great approach, recovery or lag putt, it makes the game almost painful.
And I’ve been fighting the yips (again) for a while now. It’s a recurring nightmare that has haunted me most of my adult life. I even had the yips when I was in my 20s, but I’ve beat them into submission off and on most of my adult life. But just recently, that nasty virus came to life once again. My lag putting has been very good, but when I get over one of those “you should make this” length putts, the entire nervous system seems to go haywire. I make great practice strokes, and then the most pitiful short-stroke or jab at the ball you can imagine. Sheesh.
But I’m a traditionalist, and do not look toward the long putter, belly putter, cross-hand, claw or other variation as the solution. My approach is to beat those damn yips into submission some other way. Here’s what I’m doing that is working pretty well, and I offer it to all of you who might have a similar affliction on the greens.
When you are over a short putt, forget the practice strokes…you want your natural eye-hand coordination to be unhindered by mechanics. Address your putt and take a good look at the hole, and back to the putter to ensure good alignment. Lighten your right hand grip on the putter and make sure that only the fingertips are in contact with the grip, to prevent you from getting to tight.
Then, take a long, long look at the hole to fill your entire mind and senses with the target. When you bring your head/eyes back to the ball, try to make a smooth, immediate move right into your backstroke — not even a second pause — and then let your hands and putter track right back together right back to where you were looking — the HOLE! Seeing the putter make contact with the ball, preferably even the forward edge of the ball – the side near the hole.
For me, this is working, but I am asking all of you to chime in with your own “home remedies” for the most aggravating and senseless of all golf maladies. It never hurts to have more to fall back on!
Over the last couple of decades, golf has become much more science-based. We measure swing speed, smash factor, angle of attack, strokes gained, and many other metrics that can really help golfers improve. But I often wonder if the advancement of golf’s “hard” sciences comes at the expense of the “soft” sciences.
Take, for example, golf instruction. Good golf instruction requires understanding swing mechanics and ball flight. But let’s take that as a given for PGA instructors. The other factors that make an instructor effective can be evaluated by social science, rather than launch monitors.
If you are a recreational golfer looking for a golf instructor, here are my top three points to consider.
1. Cultural mindset
What is “cultural mindset? To social scientists, it means whether a culture of genius or a culture of learning exists. In a golf instruction context, that may mean whether the teacher communicates a message that golf ability is something innate (you either have it or you don’t), or whether golf ability is something that can be learned. You want the latter!
It may sound obvious to suggest that you find a golf instructor who thinks you can improve, but my research suggests that it isn’t a given. In a large sample study of golf instructors, I found that when it came to recreational golfers, there was a wide range of belief systems. Some instructors strongly believed recreational golfers could improve through lessons. while others strongly believed they could not. And those beliefs manifested in the instructor’s feedback given to a student and the culture created for players.
2. Coping and self-modeling can beat role-modeling
Swing analysis technology is often preloaded with swings of PGA and LPGA Tour players. The swings of elite players are intended to be used for comparative purposes with golfers taking lessons. What social science tells us is that for novice and non-expert golfers, comparing swings to tour professionals can have the opposite effect of that intended. If you fit into the novice or non-expert category of golfer, you will learn more and be more motivated to change if you see yourself making a ‘better’ swing (self-modeling) or seeing your swing compared to a similar other (a coping model). Stay away from instructors who want to compare your swing with that of a tour player.
3. Learning theory basics
It is not a sexy selling point, but learning is a process, and that process is incremental – particularly for recreational adult players. Social science helps us understand this element of golf instruction. A good instructor will take learning slowly. He or she will give you just about enough information that challenges you, but is still manageable. The artful instructor will take time to decide what that one or two learning points are before jumping in to make full-scale swing changes. If the instructor moves too fast, you will probably leave the lesson with an arm’s length of swing thoughts and not really know which to focus on.
As an instructor, I develop a priority list of changes I want to make in a player’s technique. We then patiently and gradually work through that list. Beware of instructors who give you more than you can chew.
So if you are in the market for golf instruction, I encourage you to look beyond the X’s and O’s to find the right match!
Most pros take months, even years, to win their first tournament. Lottie Woad needed exactly four days.
The 21-year-old from Surrey shot 21-under 267 at Dundonald Links to win the ISPS Handa Women’s Scottish Open by three shots — in her very first event as a professional. She’s only the third player in LPGA history to accomplish this feat, joining Rose Zhang (2023) and Beverly Hanson (1951).
But here’s what caught my attention as a coach: Woad didn’t win through miraculous putting or bombing 300-yard drives. She won through relentless precision and unshakeable composure. After watching her performance unfold, I’m convinced every golfer — from weekend warriors to scratch players — can steal pages from her playbook.
Precision Beats Power (And It’s Not Even Close)
Forget the driving contests. Woad proved that finding greens matters more than finding distance.
What Woad did:
• Hit it straight, hit it solid, give yourself chances
• Aimed for the fat parts of greens instead of chasing pins
• Let her putting do the talking after hitting safe targets
• As she said, “Everyone was chasing me today, and managed to maintain the lead and played really nicely down the stretch and hit a lot of good shots”
Why most golfers mess this up:
• They see a pin tucked behind a bunker and grab one more club to “go right at it”
• Distance becomes more important than accuracy
• They try to be heroic instead of smart
ACTION ITEM: For your next 10 rounds, aim for the center of every green regardless of pin position. Track your greens in regulation and watch your scores drop before your swing changes.
The Putter That Stayed Cool Under Fire
Woad started the final round two shots clear and immediately applied pressure with birdies at the 2nd and 3rd holes. When South Korea’s Hyo Joo Kim mounted a charge and reached 20-under with a birdie at the 14th, Woad didn’t panic.
How she responded to pressure:
• Fired back with consecutive birdies at the 13th and 14th
• Watched Kim stumble with back-to-back bogeys
• Capped it with her fifth birdie of the day at the par-5 18th
• Stayed patient when others pressed, pressed when others cracked
What amateurs do wrong:
• Get conservative when they should be aggressive
• Try to force magic when steady play would win
• Panic when someone else makes a move
ACTION ITEM: Practice your 3-6 foot putts for 15 minutes after every range session. Woad’s putting wasn’t spectacular—it was reliable. Make the putts you should make.
Course Management 101: Play Your Game, Not the Course’s Game
Woad admitted she couldn’t see many scoreboards during the final round, but it didn’t matter. She stuck to her game plan regardless of what others were doing.
Her mental approach:
• Focused on her process, not the competition
• Drew on past pressure situations (Augusta National Women’s Amateur win)
• As she said, “That was the biggest tournament I played in at the time and was kind of my big win. So definitely felt the pressure of it more there, and I felt like all those experiences helped me with this”
Her physical execution:
• 270-yard drives (nothing flashy)
• Methodical iron play
• Steady putting
• Everything effective, nothing spectacular
ACTION ITEM: Create a yardage book for your home course. Know your distances to every pin, every hazard, every landing area. Stick to your plan no matter what your playing partners are doing.
Mental Toughness Isn’t Born, It’s Built
The most impressive part of Woad’s win? She genuinely didn’t expect it: “I definitely wasn’t expecting to win my first event as a pro, but I knew I was playing well, and I was hoping to contend.”
Her winning mindset:
• Didn’t put winning pressure on herself
• Focused on playing well and contending
• Made winning a byproduct of a good process
• Built confidence through recent experiences:
- Won the Women’s Irish Open as an amateur
- Missed a playoff by one shot at the Evian Championship
- Each experience prepared her for the next
What this means for you:
• Stop trying to shoot career rounds every time you tee up
• Focus on executing your pre-shot routine
• Commit to every shot
• Stay present in the moment
ACTION ITEM: Before each round, set process goals instead of score goals. Example: “I will take three practice swings before every shot” or “I will pick a specific target for every shot.” Let your score be the result, not the focus.
The Real Lesson
Woad collected $300,000 for her first professional victory, but the real prize was proving that fundamentals still work at golf’s highest level. She didn’t reinvent the game — she simply executed the basics better than everyone else that week.
The fundamentals that won:
• Hit more fairways
• Find more greens
• Make the putts you should make
• Stay patient under pressure
That’s something every golfer can do, regardless of handicap. Lottie Woad just showed us it’s still the winning formula.
FINAL ACTION ITEM: Pick one of the four action items above and commit to it for the next month. Master one fundamental before moving to the next. That’s how champions are built.
PGA Professional Brendon Elliott is an award-winning coach and golf writer. You can check out his writing work and learn more about him by visiting BEAGOLFER.golf and OneMoreRollGolf.com. Also, check out “The Starter” on RG.org each Monday.
Editor’s note: Brendon shares his nearly 30 years of experience in the game with GolfWRX readers through his ongoing tip series. He looks forward to providing valuable insights and advice to help golfers improve their game. Stay tuned for more Tips!
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Tim Briand
Sep 1, 2015 at 4:40 pm
Adam .. This is a great article, and one that most golfers, unfortunately, will not understand, though not for the lack of explaining it properly. For those of you who wonder why this phenomenon occurs, go to Newton’s 1st Law. A object in motion tries to stay in motion along the same vector unless acted upon by another force. In short, the Center of Gravity (CG .. Adam refers to it as Center of Mass) wants to continue travelling in a straight path. A force is applied to the object outside the CG, not in line with the vector the CG is moving. The result is that the object’s CG tries to continue along its vector, but twists to accommodate the force applied outside the CG vector. If you have ever stuck your hand outside a moving vehicle and made contact with something, you know that your hand wants to give way and rotate back. Same thing here. In this example, your hand is the area of the object outside the CG (toe or heel of club) and the CG of the club acts like your butt in the seat of the golf cart (it wants to keep going in line with where the cart is driving).
As for the GEAR EFFECT… During the moment that the two objects are in contact with one another, there is surface friction between both objects. If one object in contact with another rotates, it causes the other object to rotate the opposite direction (think mechanical gears).
It should not be understated just how tremendous this force can be when accounting for ball flight.
The variation in different club designs can DRASTICALLY effect the amount of gear effect, by as much as 1000 RPMs of “side spin” depending on CG location, clubhead speed, and area of strike away from the sweet spot. The factors that mitigate or exacerbate this phenomenon are the Club’s CG, the Moment of Inertia (MOI), and the amount of Bulge & Roll on the face. Because no Doppler launch monitor accounts for these factors from club to club, it can sometimes make errors when measuring club face angle, assuming that the vast majority of the side spin was due to face/path differential, and not accounting for the variations in club design and their effects on side spin with off center hits.
Tony Neri
May 14, 2020 at 5:30 am
There are tons of articles written by well known golf instructors that say the exact opposite of what Adam stated.Off heel shots cause draws/hooks and off toe shots cause fades/slices.Like everything in golf it boils down to individuals,in most cases there are not fix rules.For example in my case every shot hit off the heel goes left and every shot off the toe goes right
marcel
Aug 30, 2015 at 8:06 pm
lessons from AAA+ coach and practice… there is no excuse.
Dugan
Aug 27, 2015 at 9:20 am
I sometimes hit a drive on the toe and immediately feel the twisting. But a majority of the time the ball goes straight with reduced distance. What gives?
TA
Aug 29, 2015 at 2:29 am
You didn’t compress the ball enough on the toe, not got any trampoline out of that area.
Tim Briand
Sep 1, 2015 at 4:13 pm
Unfortunately, TA below is not entirely correct about this. What you are experiencing is Gear Effect nullifying an out-to-in path or open face (or a combination of both factors). If the face is open relative to the path, the spin axis of the ball tilts so that the ball spins with “fade” spin which would normally influence the ball to fade. However, when a player hits the ball of the toe, as described in the article above, Gear Effect causes the ball axis to tilt and cause “draw” spin. When the face is open to the path AND the ball is struck on the toe, the net effect is that the ball spin axis stays neutral, producing a straight flying shot. However a few factors will lead to the ball not going very far, such as loss of kinetic energy transfer due to the off-center hit, as well as loss of energy transfer due to the vector of the force (swing path), not being perpendicular to the striking surface (clubface) . In short, the two factors cancel each other but produce an impact that does not efficiently transfer energy from club to ball.
Hope this helps..
P.S. I am a Master Club Fitter for TaylorMade Golf, so my entire livelihood is based on understanding these principles.
Spell
Aug 27, 2015 at 3:10 am
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia
is why you can’t hang on to the twisting club even if you tried
Gubment Cheeze
Aug 26, 2015 at 5:47 pm
You forgot about the nails
Adam Young
Aug 27, 2015 at 12:27 am
I’ll ‘hammer’ out a new article and include them 😉
Paul Wood
Aug 26, 2015 at 5:12 pm
Nice article Adam. I like the simplicity and clarity you brought to what can be a very complex subject if you really dig into it. I like the idea of using a pink dry erase marker. May have to add that to my bag.
DPavs
Aug 26, 2015 at 2:53 pm
It’s probably also important to understand that gear effect is only going to noticeably impact the ball flight if the face of the club is square at impact. Or to say this another way it will not compensate for an open or closed club face. Also because the resultant gear effect is impacted by the further apart the COG of the ball and club are.. there is generally a good deal of it with drivers but far far less with irons .
Spell
Aug 27, 2015 at 3:12 am
Square to what? You’re not understanding the article
Dpavs
Aug 27, 2015 at 8:14 am
Spell-
Let me help clarify this for you. The answer is square to your swing path. I tried to make this clear by indicating that an open or closed face will always dominate the ball flight and gear effect will essentially be negated.
Just a note too, If you don’t comprehend what someone is indicating it’s great to ask questions but not good form to assume they did not understand.
DPavs
Aug 27, 2015 at 8:18 am
Square to your swing path, hence my reference to having the face open or closed (at impact).
Adam Young
Aug 26, 2015 at 1:38 pm
Hi guys,
I will be addressing vertical gear effect, difference in COM locations, bulge and roll, the moveable sweet spot and effective face size in later articles.
This is just a basic primer on gear effect, as the title suggests. For most golfers, the idea that twisting is caused by an off centre hit (and not the golfer actually twisting it) is a revelation for most.
Hope it helps with fault identification 🙂
other paul
Aug 26, 2015 at 2:01 pm
Oh good. Thanks Adam. Moveable sweet spot isn’t something I have heard much about at all. Speaking of golfers not actually twisting the club at impact. A golf pro I know tried to convince me that a tour pro he talked could add or reduce loft at impact because he was that awesome. Or that he could twist his club to hit a hook or fade when he wanted. Ridiculous.
Adam Young
Aug 26, 2015 at 2:09 pm
interesting 🙂
CD
Aug 26, 2015 at 6:12 pm
Should the dry erase mark be on the inner quadrant of the ball?
Adam Young
Aug 27, 2015 at 12:30 am
That can certainly be a nice way of encouraging a more in-to-out path (for mental reasons).
Although, the part of the ball the club face strikes will be a product only of the club face angle at impact – with a more open face contacting the inner quadrant and vice versa. Not a lot of folk know that one. You can still strike the inner quadrant with an out to in path (and vice versa) if the face is open enough
Mac n Cheese
Aug 26, 2015 at 1:35 pm
This is where torque comes into play with the shaft. The lower the torque number the less twisting that occurs with a miss hit, which equates to forgiveness.
John
Aug 26, 2015 at 1:17 pm
Following a poor round in a friendly best ball tournament two years ago, I altered my grip pressure, ball position, stance, takeaway speed, hand and head position because of what I thought (think) was a poor swing path. I can remember it vividly, one poor swing, the clubface hooked right (I’m a lefty), my hands flipped over, and I was convinced I needed a major overhaul.
You may have saved my favourite pastime because of this simple, and now obvious, cause-effect explanation.
I’m a moron, bless you.
David M.
Aug 26, 2015 at 12:24 pm
That is the most neutral driver club face angle (not loft — club face angle) I have seen. Where does one go to buy that club (one that sits completely neutral at address)? All my drivers sit with slightly closed hosel angles at address – further compounding the issue of gear effect.
spazo
Aug 26, 2015 at 11:49 am
i don’t see it mentioned that this works in the vertical direction as well–it’s just not as obvious.
saevel25
Aug 26, 2015 at 12:40 pm
For the driver,
Higher on the clubface = high launch, lower spinning
Lower on the clubface = lower launching, higher spinning
For irons
Higher on clubface = slightly higher launching, slightly lower spinning
Lower on clubface = slightly lower launching, slightly higher spinning
Typically the swing paths is such that it is very very rare to get the ball high and in the heel. A steeper path is typically one that goes from out to in. That brings the toe more into play. When you get steeper you bring the higher part of the clubface into play. When you swing in to out you get shallower. This brings the heel more into play as well as the lower part of the clubface. I could say the most likely spots for the ball to hit is the upper left quadrant and the lower right quadrant, and some areas in the middle.
Teaj
Aug 26, 2015 at 1:20 pm
see cobra’s E9 Face Technology
other paul
Aug 26, 2015 at 11:45 am
You missed closure rate, and its effects. And you missed bulge in the face and how it effects the curve of the ball differently with woods and irons. Article gets a 9/10 but it is also incomplete.
Jack
Aug 26, 2015 at 1:16 pm
OMG. 99 percent of the folks on here didn’t understand gear effect and now they do. Good article Adam.
DPavs
Aug 26, 2015 at 2:33 pm
And yet they all have under an 8 hdcp and drive the ball 300 yards… amazing isn’t it?
other paul
Aug 26, 2015 at 7:35 pm
Its not to hard to hit 300, but the 8 handicap is tough to get to.
Dpavs
Aug 27, 2015 at 11:26 am
+1
Stubaka
Aug 27, 2015 at 2:44 pm
Thank you. 300 is not hard to hit. But, can you hit it straight. Then, can you follow it up with a great scecond shot that lands on the green.
I can hit my driver 300 anytime. 200 straight and 100 right. I can’t control it, hence the reason it’s out of the bag. I’d rather hit my 3 hybrid 225-250 in the fairway, than constantly losing golf balls. Golf is much more fun now grinding for par, instead of looking for lost balls.
MG
Aug 26, 2015 at 11:27 am
For driver, i like spraying the face with foot powder spray to see impact position. But yea, dry erase works better with irons due to the powder coming off when taking a divot. good article.
Adam Young
Aug 26, 2015 at 1:48 pm
Cheers MG – I also prefer the marker pen because you can see the concentration of shots. Face tape ruins spin rate, and spray only really shows the range of shots.